Microsoft Windows: a historic pillar of modern computing

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems developed by Microsoft. Designed to provide user-friendly interface to the machine, this range is available in several versions for personal computers, servers (Windows Server) and embedded systems (Windows Embedded).

The first version, launched in 1985, was originally a graphical interface operating above the MS-DOS system, which was dominant on IBM computers and PC-enabled machines. This interface allowed users to manipulate their programs and files visually, at a time when computing was essentially based on command lines.

In 1993, Microsoft began a major transformation with the introduction of the Windows NT kernel (New Technology). This new system core, completely rewritten, marks Windows' independence from MS-DOS and inaugurates an era of stability, security and greater compatibility between the different versions of the system.

Among the most notable versions are Windows 95, which popularized the Start menu and task bar, Windows XP, known for its longevity and reliability, and the latest Windows 10 (2015) and Windows 11 (2021), which continue to integrate modern technologies such as the touch interface, cloud synchronization via Microsoft 365, and advanced security and productivity functions.

Today, Windows remains the most widely used operating system in the world on desktops and laptops, with a market share of around 70% in 2023. Its extensive hardware (past) and software compatibility, its familiar environment and the richness of its ecosystem make it a central player in personal and professional computing.

Despite its success, Microsoft has sometimes been criticized for certain practices deemed anticompetitive, leading to several convictions for abuse of dominant position, particularly in Europe.

The other current, environmentally friendly, expensive black spot is the non-support of over 300 million PCs with Microsoft Windows 11 due mainly to the absence of the TPM 2.0 chip.